温度对黑腹果蝇生长发育、繁殖和种群增长的影响

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen是杨梅、樱桃等浆果果实最主要害虫。为明确温度对黑腹果蝇种群增长的影响,掌握黑腹果蝇饲养合适温度,在室内观察了黑腹果蝇在15,20,25,30和35℃条件下的生长发育、存活与繁殖能力,并计算各温度条件下的种群增长参数。结果表明：在35℃条件下,黑腹果蝇不能完成发育,其他温度条件下黑腹果蝇从卵孵化至蛹羽化成成虫,发育速率随温度升高明显加快,在15℃下,完成发育需要长达41 d,而在30℃下,黑腹果蝇完成发育仅需7 d;黑腹果蝇成虫寿命随温度的升高而明显缩短,在15℃下,雌、雄平均寿命分别高达70,80 d,在30℃下,平均寿命都仅为30 d;黑腹果蝇在20和30℃的平均繁殖力没有显著差异,分别为138.85和137.97粒卵·雌-1,但在以上条件下的平均繁殖能力显著低于25℃条件下的平均繁殖力,25℃条件下黑腹果蝇平均产卵量高达375.4粒（P<0.01）;黑腹果蝇的种群增长参数净生殖率（R0）、内禀增长率（rm）,在25℃时达最高值分别为55.10和1.021 d-1,而在15℃条件下值最小,分别为36.67和0.189 d-1。据此得出,25℃是最适宜黑腹果蝇生长发育和繁殖的温度,温度过高或过低都不利于黑腹果蝇种群增长。黑腹果蝇的发育起点温度为12.8℃,充分完成发育所需的有效积温为123.3日·度。     

10种杀虫剂对蓝莓重要害虫黑腹果蝇生物活性的测定

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster为皖南山区危害蓝莓的一种重要害虫。采用药膜接触法测定了10种杀虫剂对黑腹果蝇成虫的生物活性。供试药剂以乙基多杀菌素的杀虫活性最高,溴氰虫酰胺和核型多角体病毒的生物活性次之。乙基多杀菌素以15 mg·L~(-1)处理后24 h和48 h试虫的校正死亡率分别为91.8%和100.0%,处理后24和48 h的LC50分别为6.90和1.74 mg·L~(-1)。溴氰虫酰胺以40 mg·L~(-1)处理后72 h试虫的校正死亡率为93.7%。核型多角体病毒、甲氨基阿维菌素和苏云金杆菌按厂家推荐剂量处理后72 h对黑腹果蝇也表现出较好的生物活性。乙基多杀菌素和溴氰虫酰胺可作为防治蓝莓园黑腹果蝇的理想杀虫剂加以交替轮换施用。     

水果收集果蝇的试验研究

[目的]探讨吸引果蝇的诱饵。[方法]选择苹果、香蕉、葡萄和玉米培养基（CK）作为诱饵,研究他们收集果蝇的效果。[结果]结果表明,在自然情况下,3种常见水果都能诱捕到果蝇,但香蕉和葡萄采集效果极显著,高于苹果和玉米培养基。[结论]该研究为果蝇的收集和为害提供科学依据。     

果蝇小翅·残翅基因作用探究

[目的]探究果蝇小翅与残翅基因间的作用关系。[方法]利用果蝇2种不同翅型的突变体进行杂交,找出小翅、残翅基因同时存在个体,观察其翅的表型,同时对翅的分离比进行推测,研究果蝇小翅与残翅基因间的作用关系。[结果]正反交果蝇的表现型不相同。果蝇的小翅品系和残翅品系的正交组合的杂交后代F1雌、雄全部为长翅,而反交组合的雌蝇为长翅,雄蝇为小翅。F2的翅型有长翅、小翅、残翅3种,小翅、残翅基因同时存在的个体表型为残翅,并且翅型分离比均为长翅：小翅：残翅=3：3：2。[结论]残翅基因对小翅基因具有遮盖作用。     

Role of the ejaculatory bulb in biosynthesis of the male pheromone cis‐vaccenyl acetate in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, the male ejaculatory bulb is the site of synthesis of a male‐specific pheromone, cis‐vaccenyl acetate, which functions as both an attractant and an anti‐aphrodisiac. This long monounsaturated acetate is structurally similar to a number of shorter gland‐synthesized moth pheromones. The cell monolayer that forms the Drosophila male ejaculatory bulb wall is responsible for the production and secretion of cis‐vaccenyl acetate into the seminal fluid. When dissected bulbs were incubated with sodium [14‐C]‐acetate (or deuterated acetate), a labeled acetate ester was synthesized. The labeled acetate ester co‐migrated with cis‐vaccenyl acetate in thin layer chromatography. Incubation of the abdomens of males from which the ejaculatory bulbs had been removed, or the abdomens of females, with radiolabeled acetate did not yield any acetate ester, but did yield other lipid products, including hydrocarbons. When the isolated labeled acetate ester was hydrolyzed, no radioactive vaccenol was formed. This strongly suggests that the acetyl group is incorporated via a transacetylation reaction, but that the vaccenyl moiety is not synthetized in the blub. The transacetylation enzyme activity was localized in the microsomal subfraction of the bulb homogenate, and its affinity for vaccenol was not very different from that reported for monounsaturated alcohol substrates in moths.     

Sugar derivatives containing oxiranes and alpha,beta-unsaturated gamma-lactones as potential environmentally friendly insecticides

A range of novel sugar derivatives containing oxiranes or alpha,beta-unsaturated gamma-lactones in their structure were evaluated as potential insecticides with the added possible benefit of being benign in the environment. A number of arthropod species were chosen to represent those in the terrestrial, aerial and aquatic environments, covering target adult insects such as Musca domestica L (housefly) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (glasshouse whitefly), which are public health and horticultural pests, Drosophila melanogaster Meig (fruitfly), both adult and larva, and a marine non-target crustacean, Artemia salina L. The tested compounds possessed efficacy and selectivity against these insect species, but were not toxic to brine shrimps, a reference organism in assays to evaluate the potential toxicity hazard to invertebrates in ecosystems.     

虫草素对果蝇生长发育和寿命的影响

为了研究虫草素对果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)生长发育和寿命的影响,以添加不同浓度虫草素的培养基饲养果蝇,观察统计子代成蛹数、成蝇率、子代生长发育特征以及与寿命相关的3个指标。研究发现,培养基添加虫草素,对果蝇的成蝇率和子代性别比影响不显著,但能增加子代体长,提高飞翔率,极显著降低畸变率,延长果蝇寿命,且对雄果蝇的延寿效果优于对雌果蝇。     

家蚕微孢子虫转宿主果蝇的研究初探

[目的]研究家蚕微孢子虫对果蝇的侵染性,为系统研究家蚕微孢子虫侵染机制提供新视野,也为探索微孢子虫的生物防治效果提供参考。[方法]用家蚕微孢子添食野生型和突变型果蝇,并用Calcofluor White M2R荧光染色法进行果蝇体液内的家蚕微孢子虫形态观察。[结果]结果表明,家蚕微孢子虫在转宿主情况下能够侵染果蝇,且被感染的突变型果蝇体内家蚕微孢子虫的数量多于野生型果蝇。[结论]家蚕微孢子虫能侵染果蝇,该研究结果为研究家蚕微孢子虫侵染其他宿主提供了初步参考,为进一步了解和认识家蚕微孢子虫侵染机制奠定了基础。